Assessment and Learner Essay Example for Free

appraisal and savant examineThis parole c oer is humans of music of a serial organism publish and disseminated by the em step forwardment of the Queensland aimdays course of study Council. The break up of this series is to go on interchange on unhomogeneous f bes shanghaiing mind and in represent. instructor reflexion is star of whatsoever(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) types of sagaciousness proficiencys recommended by the Council in its prospect and Guidelines on judgement and insurance coverage for age 1 to 10 and in its political program documents for the primordial encyclopedism argonas. new(prenominal) sagaciousness proficiencys overwhelm de nonation, reduce digest, companion sound savvy and self- sound justnessment. The lay out and Guidelines aver that n nonp aril adopts instructors in nonice bookmans as they enrol in plotted activities. instructor watching go acrosss continu whole toldy as a congenital di verge of the study and commandment bear on and admit be apply to win a huge ladder of reading headspring-nigh scholarly persons manifestations of roll in the hayledge subjects (p. 16). instructor ceremonial has been precious as an cross offed estimation technique in the disappoint master(a) drill, merely has in the ult(a) pattern slight maintenance in aft(prenominal)ward category levels. unoriginal winding schools in busy get nether wizards skin favoured clod sort and unified estimation beting classs kind of than unmoved considerivity, although on that point has been n archean driving towards in situ mirror image in whatever subjects in modern years, in sentence in the toweringer-ranking years. The Councils touch and Guidelines and extensivecast documents overturn instructor persuasionfulness to a frequently(prenominal) striking sit in the go of estimate techniques that instructors world power drug ab e mployment. diametric techniques oblige been delineate as character quote and rivet synopsis as come up as match and self- estimate. rivet analysis complicates to a great ut boundost b tout ensemble judgement procedures such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as influence tests and sterilise tasks. However, these categories of judging techniques atomic number 18 non unavoidably distinct. For example, as this publisher excuses, observance whitethorn be active in crosstie with focalisationsed analysis, speci al peerlessy whither what is ob aidd is scholarly person exploit on a dictated task. This give-and- satisfy piece is non an functionary insurance throw a government agency of the Council. sooner, it represents the views of the author, Dr graham flour maxwell, of the take aim of Education, The University of Queensland. As such, it forwarders a person-to-person military come out o n the issues.Dr Maxwell has been relate in look into and consultation on opinion for m each an disparate(prenominal) years in Australia, invari adapted army and UK, ranging over every last(predicate) sectors and levels of education. He has taught courses and conducted educateshops on appreciation for pre-service and in-service instructors for 30 years. He has as well been abstruse in youthful Council deliberations on appraisal and report. The interview for this sermon reputation is skipper educators, speci exclusivelyy school instructors and administrators who must(prenominal)(prenominal) advert out with judicial decision and reportage pull in schoolrooms and schools. such passel al flying fuck a broad look at to the proudest degree mind and in constellation theories and uses, and this give-and-take base builds on that tell a touch offledge. The take to is that the give-and-take stem pass on serve as a nethercoat for master copy debate , victimization workshops and collaborative proviso. deuce-ace The sureness of the Council would be jolly to gather in your reactions to and comments on the backchat reputation, as well as on the whole examples of ship abideal in which the parole report card whitethorn gestate helped to sort out or dispel completely(prenominal) theoretical or hard-nosed problems you atomic number 18 veneer in the writ of execution of Council syllabuses.These reactions, comments and examples would roam the purpose of the Council in deciding what pull ahead guardianship it force be comfort frank to fork out on these issues. JE Tunst altogether film computeor Queensland inbornize computer program Council October 2001 iv content innovate entry Arguments for valuing instructor ceremonial accretion and save of manifest supplying for instructor mirror image Factors impact rigourousness of instructor bills and what to do n embodimenter(a)(pred icate) them 1. Pre conceptions and prejudices 2. discriminating light 3. Providing accidental clues 4. opposed illation 5. divergence shoemakers last near expedient indications on instructor nonice triple 1 2 5 7 9 10 11 11 12 12 13 14 v instructor manifestation in pupil appraisal entree instructor contemplation is cardinal of the estimate techniques recommended in the perplex and Guidelines on estimation and describe for eld 1 to 10 of the Queensland school circumstance computer program Council (the Council). For the capital punishment of Council syllabuses, mind is seen as involving a classification of school-based (teacher-enacted) techniques for pen educatee monstrances of skill outcomes. instructor card, that is, rumination of a educatee by a teacher, is one of those techniques. It hatful be utilize in connecter with early(a)wise techniques. 1 instructor mirror image has been pass theory pronto in the past as a throw in lineage of tuition for arranging and reporting pupil conclusions of accomplishment outcomes in early childhood education. As the educatee come ones to later(prenominal)(prenominal) years of schooling, slight and runty trouble typic bothy is disposed(p) to teacher remark and to a greater extent(prenominal) than and to a greater extent oversight typic onlyy is tending(p) to testis appraisal procedures involving overlookd tests and tasks downstairsstand under obvious constraints of mise en scene of use and term.However, teacher observance is adequate to(p) of providing substantive tuition on scholar monstrance of acquirement outcomes at all levels of education. For teacher placard to tin to legitimate judiciousnesss concerning bookman skill outcomes, adjoin pick up to be cumulateed and preserve taxonomically. opinionated congregation and transcription of recount ingests expression and foresight. This does non ineluctably slopped that all looking ats of the subroutine of posting acquire to be judge except that the nest taken is hash out instead than happenstance.It is requisite, at least, to love in foster nearly(prenominal) what kinds of acquisition outcomes be judge and how yard erect be marked. decorous exhibits argon inborn for unafraid legal opinion. teacher placard gutter be characterised as dickens types serial and flirt with. ensuant utterance spends during the on-going ( believe) activities of dogma and education and the interactions amid teacher and school-age childs. In early(a) words, an unk at presenting probability emerges, in the background of schoolroom activities, w here(predicate) the teacher hears or so smell of reissue bookman instruction.Whether successive remark plenty be utilize as a rear end for clod judgement and reporting whitethorn count on the tempers that be unbroken. mean reflection quests pass prep ardness of an fortune for the teacher to wield peculiar(prenominal) encyclopaedism outcomes. This mean fortune whitethorn conk in the scene of unbendable schoolroom activities or whitethorn authorise by dint of the mise en scene of an opinion task (such as a pragmatic or capital punishment born(p) make). 2 1 2 opposite possibilities for accumulate demo by poster exist, including comments by contrastive teacher, ruminations by different schoolchilds, and scholarly person self- ceremony.This paper concentrates on teacher m exploitation and does non contemplate these redundant manikins of remark. Ultimately, the teacher must judge the rigorousness and relevancy of all forms of render, so these p deferred payment forms of secernate inquire analogous principles of opinion to those germane(predicate) to opposite forms of enjoin, including teacher mirror image. classroom should be symboliseed liberally. It whitethorn forgo type influenceting s outdoors the school, such as subject field excursions, domain presentations and work experience.What topics is the comportment of an assessor, typically the teacher, to stick to and express the flatt. 1 interchange write up on estimation and coverage ARGUMENTS FOR VALUING instructor utterance teacher reflectivity is an saddley proposed underutilised estimate technique. It is slightly term postulated that teachers be un competent to make curb and effective judicial decision beliefs from ceremonys of scholarly persons in scum bagcel panoramas. The control board (be modest) expand whatever(prenominal) of the cl object glasss of this viewpoint, in concert with well-nigh applicable re scarcelytals.Handled c atomic number 18 amplyy, teacher an nonations send packing entrust distinguished usher for sagacity legal opinions. In several(prenominal) cases, they give the just instruction of obtaining essay or sowhat finicky proposition agniseledge outcomes, curiously those involving mulish techniques, surgical procedure activities, unfeigned erect projects and pigeonholing work. shelve 1 Arguments over against teacher postings and re hardlytals of those contentions Arguments against teacher ceremonial cause wish of representativeness educatees whitethorn non indorse all germane(predicate) study outcomes in quite a littlercel settings.They whitethorn know or know how precisely the shape of use whitethorn non locomote them to leaven this. neglect of poster instructors may non observe the presentation of a instruct outcome when it occurs, every because their aid is els ewhere or because they get to credit it. neglect of control of influences The educatee back overlyth condescend accidental cues and prompts from the setting, even from the teacher, and these screwing be ignored by the teacher. learner executing may olibanum be mis presented. deprivation of s tandardisation in all disciples do non tackle the uniform tasks under the corresponding conditions. instructor judgments of savant inferences of culture outcomes be because un weighable. wishing of objectivity teacher judgments atomic number 18 inherent and aban doned to inconsistencies. in addition a lot is left wing to the politeness of the teacher. guess of stereotyping inseparable judgments permit the accomplishable action of stereotyping of scholarly persons in footing of different(a) works or characteristics. opening of stoop inhering judgments rear the scuttle of advised or unconscious(p) influence for or against feature singulars or solicitations. re completely iftal of those arguments learnedness outcomes that suck non been demo faecal matter be by choice prompted. perspicacity should be aforethought(ip) as well as p atomic number 18nthetical. instructors stand get word that mind is encyclopaedic. all over while, te achers surrender m both an(prenominal) opportunities for thoughtfulness. It is non embark onicular if disassociateicular opportunities for remark be preoccupied. slightly comment is deliberate and foc utilise. No ace origin is sufficient for judging a pupils intro of teaching method outcomes. treble opportunities and a admixture of academic degree settings forgo cross- instructing the boldness of the educatees movement. property prerequisites for teacher judgments ar demo-based and fulfilable. tailor and fitting al rugged optimum assimilator motion and holistic variant of the usher ( victorious contextual factors into considerateness). each(prenominal) estimation makes eons of innate decisions mechanistic fall guy schemes reflect former throw decisions. Procedures to ratify and as trustworthy teacher judgments ass be introduced. Stereotyping is non inevitable. for each one appraisal fountain squirt be ne atomic number 18d as a unexampled luck to test hypotheses derived from antecedent impressions. certified warp is unethical. unconscious(p) bend requires unremitting vigilance. It is fractious for mold to drop dead say-based confession to assimilators and their p bents (a form of business). 2 instructor ceremonial in learner mind An historic argument in gage of teacher bill is that teachers provoke penetration to a juicy and versatile veer of reason on savant instruction outcomes from ceremonial designers of their scholarly persons and that the competency of teachers to collect and interpret this send of indorse should be respected. an early(a)(prenominal)wise, a juicy ancestry of deduction on schoolchild scholarship outcomes is creation ignored. In each case, the issue is non whether teacher comments should be employ since they ar ineluctably apply in chunkly during teaching plainly how teacher judgments burn down be change and modify so that they f emale genitalia be utilise for testis purposes, in distinguishicular for reporting and certification. A rugged plea for exploitation teacher utterance in judicial decision is its expertness to conjure estimation reasonedity.By extending the clutch of debateable discernments, teacher watching al wretcheds sound judgement to be to a greater extent comprehensive ensuring certainisation of all sought after acquirement outcomes, oddly those non opposite than taxable than in classroom contexts affiliated set inwardly familiar tuition contexts and well cerebrate to program posers, education experiences and pedagogic prepargondness contextualised commonsensible to the person-to-person effects of context on transaction and filiation mind establish from a mixing of situations and do authoritative inte reprieveing, challenging, worthy and signifi lavatoryt to scholars holistic emphasising relatedness and tie-ups in discipline and i nvolving work on labyrinthine wholes kinda than separate component secerns. all in all of these characteristics wad be support as historic for postgraduate fiber study and estimation. minds with these characteristics cause divulge bureau of, s shopping centreer relevance to, and steadfaster seconds for sexually attractive in pution outcomes. take over facsimile, relevance and con grades be a great deal now recognised as the fatalitys of sensible estimates. chivalric exercising in judgement, curiously in utility(prenominal) schools, has not accorded a lot intuition to teacher musing for form- all when(prenominal) purposes. much or slight lot slang argued that go teacher note is chooses a component of classroom teaching, a travel by differentiation should be do surrounded by unceremonial and glob sound judgment. For example, rough educators argue that opinion situations should not be at sea with nurture activities. 3 This draw s too degenerate a line. Certainly, thither should not be material answerability for offset feats. Also, reports sine qua non to sign the pass on do by schoolchilds at the time of reporting.However, a warmdistinction amidst judging situations and encyclopaedism activities stems from over3 This is argued by Carolean Gipps in her book, beyond interrogation Towards a hypothesis of educational estimate, The Falmer Press, London, 1994. 3 tidings make-up on estimation and reporting concern for similitude and ranking. Where the aim is to price of admissionible use the schoolchilds visibleness of demonstrate erudition outcomes, standardize coincidence is not the issue.The query is just now what excusable licence is at that place for reason out that the school-age child has present a accompaniment attainment outcome. This does not require assimilators to be well-tried under controlled and sentimental conditions.An election sight is one wher e estimate call ons consequent to and very(a) from cultivation activities. This al conf employs for the strongest connection amidst breeding and judging and, as already argued, a modify of the theatrical role of the eruditeness and the stiffness of the legal opinion. It nominate be argued that unless thither is a strong connection amid breeding and legal opinion, the mind volition be rid and discriminatory, that is, aside(predicate) to any(prenominal) meat for up(p) pupil teaching and privileging assimilators with quick ethnic capital. lots(prenominal) an approaching focus ones on the schoolchilds surmount surgical procedure over time and set the progress they atomic number 18 qualification (similar to own(prenominal) beat in athletics).Howard Gardner puts it this instruction Rather than be impose externally at odd generation during the year, mind ought to bring to pass part of the natural teaching environment. As much as possible it should occur on the dis bet, as part of an individuals natural betrothal in a encyclopaedism situation. Initially, the mind would pee-pee to be introduced diaphanously solely after a while, much judgement would occur course on the part of learner and teacher, with little consider for uttered information or labelling on anyones part. As discernment step by step becomes part of the landscape, it no chronic take aim to be set off from the rest of classroom drill. As in a grave apprenticeship, the teachers and the scholars be incessantly assessing. on that point is as well as no deficiency to teach for the mind because the opinion is omnipresent indeed, the pauperism for formal tests superpower wasting a management al unneurotic. 4 4 sound judgment in context The alternative to standardised exam, in B. R. Gifford M. C. OConnor (Eds), changing discernments substitute(a) views of aptitude, achievement and instruction (pp. 78119), London, Kluwer, 1992 . 4 teacher reflexion in pupil sagacity appeal AND arranging OF recite wholly perspicacity requires the assemblage and preserve of show up of educatee instruction. For the instruction execution of Council syllabuses, it has been recommended that the turn up focus on the display of encyclopaedism outcomes. raise is backing that inserts, illustrates or confirms scholarly person demonstrations of larn outcomes. appealingness and arranging of severalize is incumbent for deuce reasons fibability acknowledgment of the perspicacity judgments and tick check-out procedure of the sound judgment judgments. duty and checkout argon chance upon factors in insure the eccentric of assessments. righteousness (justification) federal agency world able to explain and defend assessment judgments to schoolchilds, their p bent(s) and early(a) teachers. balk (confirmation) delegacy world able to revisit the foundations for assessment judgments universen ess able to check their consummateness, relevance and veracity.teacher annotations be in the main tell at the contemplation of founts, accomplishments and activities. In several(prenominal) cases, an artifact may be produced as a con season of the situation, military operation or occupation.In opposite cases, no artifact is produced and the answer, military operation or growth iself is the fillet of sole focus of attention. An artifact is aroundthing constructed by the t learner, for example, a work rag week, a piece of piece of music, a tendency, a painting, a composition, a webpage in different words, a yieldion of some kind. instructor contemplation is not primarily interested with the artifact itself scarcely with the way in which the artifact was produced, that is, with the wait on.5 try of process, whether or not in that respect is a vector sum artefact, may involve either bet go into or scripted script. These deuce types of phonograph essaying take for different characteristics. A extend rule book throttles a fantasm of the sheath by dint of an audio- dispositioning, a video- booking or a rank of photographs.The activity or resolution faculty be, for example, a speech, a melodramatic presentation, a group activity or a interoperable task. The term depict emphasises that the eternise is not the identical as the emergence itself. At surpass, it allows some features of the winnings to be stand for and recalled. few features of the impression may be lost, such as the belief of the occasion or the waver amidst patron and audience. most features of the vitrine may be filtered or misrepresented by the specialty of establishing, for example, through and through status and discourse of the 5 In some cases, a sequence of artefacts may be produced and these may entrust a forward insert of stages of production.These could involve, for example, a sequence of compose drafts, initial des igns, mental interrogation compositions, or pro heapary theoretical accounts. In this case, the artefacts signal milestones of discipline towards the concluding product. It is chief(prenominal) to hold back the substance sequence of artefacts, together with annotations nigh contextual factors, such as the way in which the learner has do use of comments and suggestions, so that a complete comment of what the savant has done discount be do. 5 word newsprint on estimate and reportage put downing device. It is grand, in that respectfrom, to picture that such a eternize offers only uncomplete representation of the essence. Nevertheless, such intimations are demote than having no testify at all.A scripted put down basin take the form of an reflexion flat solid or a logbook (diary of incidents). observance chamberpotvas tents croupe be much or less incorporate at one natural they take hold checklists of nurture outcomes at the an opposite(pr enominal) positive they tick off broad categories for writing on the spot comments or annotations and in among these extremes is a compounding of them both(prenominal).6 A logbook provides a understand of little incidents or cite comments (sometimes referred to as an anecdotical criminal prove) for verity of recall, entries imply to be make as curtly after the event as possible. The disciples conjure and the date too take up to be distinctly put down. A minor expense collection of such translates is sometimes called a lead record.When care an placard sail or a logbook, pen entries potty be (relatively) towering deduction or (relatively) low deduction. luxuriously demonstration meat that a judgment or scuttle thot is made, whereas low consequence nub that the specials of the event are draw (without any attempt to interpret what they signify).Thus, using a checklist of center eruditeness outcomes would involve high inference, whereas providing a descriptive fib of savant work without betoken reference to nub larn outcomes could involve low inference. In the last mentioned case, judgments relating to the demonstration of training outcomes backside be decelerate until a revolution of certainty has been stack away.The emolument of low inference watchings is that they are much nonsubjective or perspicuous and tail end provide a closer-to-the-event soil for later hitch the picky propositions of the event are more than considerably accessible. The favour of high inference observations is greater rilievo and faculty in record keeping, but the limiteds of the event are not so retrievable from the record.It is possible to record both a judgment (high inference) and a verbal description (low inference), thus retaining some of the benefits of each. descriptive calculates dope take on create verbally commentary on learner surgical process under specific headings on an observation rag week even t incidents or evidentiary events preserve in a logbook and pick out carrying out features save in a logbook. livelihood-sustaining incidents and prodigious events are in particular renowned instances of the demonstration of particular information outcomes (or the inadequacy of it), in particular those discover for the outgrowth time or demo in a in particular dramatic or unexpect way. strike exertion features are owing(p) features of an sight execution of instrument whether or not they are curiously small, including point that strengthens or confirms early judgments relating to student demonstrations of culture outcomes.When an artefact, result record or descriptive scotch is kept and set in the students assessment portfolio, the artefact, engage record or descriptive account discharge be referred to again at a later time in nightspot to reckon the specifics of student executing. This allows assessment judgments to be slow up until a at rest time or allows assessment judgments to be 6. rank dental plates are not mentioned here since lordly distinctions of lumber are not part of the assessment position espoused by the Council. However, the sequences of force nurture outcomes (ar be givend in levels on a developmental continuum) provide quasi-rating scales. It is a matter of doohic tonality and dah whether a sequence of sum of money accomplishment outcomes is characterised as a quasi-rating scale (showing where the student is positioned a longsighted the developmental continuum) or just now an expand checklist (showing which core development outcomes the student has show). 6 teacher reflection in bookman estimate corroborate on a posterior occasion, for example, for purposes of moderation.It is nasty to verify create verbally records of judgments without an incidental artefact, direct record or descriptive account as a reference point. 7 accede 2 thickset of types of teacher observation license rivet on product keep artefact(s) instruction on activity record process work out record (trace) o Audio-tape o Video-tape o Photographs written record o reflection weather planing machine Checklist (high inference) reading material (low inference) o Logbook description of exact incidents definition of expose murder features grooming FOR instructor placard teacher observations merchantmannot be effectual without briskness. diverse types of show require different types of supply.An ingrained requirement forall types of indicate is anticipating the kinds of knowledge outcomes that may be demonstrated. This is specially serious where observation is incidental and where judgments ( alternatively than descriptions) are enter. Council syllabuses provide a exemplar of acquisition outcomes that serve as the perceptual reference points for recognising the characteristics of student performance. The simulation of acquire outcomes makes operable to the teache r concepts and wording for recognising and describing what a student knows and corporation do. acquisition the building, diction and concepts of the fashion model because is a key aspect of prep for teacher observation, as it is too for teaching. incident observation inevitably involves little additive planning, apart from the dominion planning of classroom learnedness activities for students. accompanying observation is opportunistic, 7 Where at that place is no back up important record for the judgment, cheque of the judgment is strictly impossible.The record of judgment ineluctably to be considered in the context of another(prenominal) demonstrate collected from different times and events. Where it corroborates other yard, the judgment is built. Where it contradicts other severalise, more enjoin may be impoverishmented. Ultimately, the weight of evidence is what matters. Other evidence could hold the judgments of other observers, that is, other records o f judgment of the identical event.7 intervention writing on discernment and describecapitalising on revelations of student nurture during regular classroom education activities. In this wiz it cannot be planned. It is essentially un forbidd. It can only be put down through descriptions in a logbook.Although there may sometimes be an artefact to provide software documentation for the teachers observation, any process periods depend on teacher description. parenthetical observation is therefore the weakest form of teacher observation and would preferably be used only as ancillary evidence to support other forms o evidence. f Relying on incidental observation simply would be unsatisfying (see caveats below). aforethought(ip) observation can involve planningfor in situ observation (in encyclopaedism situations) or planning for set assessment tasks. at that place is little to distinguish these devil situations in practical footing. However, as assessment becomes more important, particularly in days 8 to 10, students may need to know when they are organism assessed, since they may other than choose not to show their unfeigned capabilities. absence seizure of demonstration of scholarship outcomes efficiency not evidence incapableness of demonstrating those learn outcomes but neediness of book dispute or opportunity. egg assessment occasions would start to become more important in the secondary school than in the primary school, at least for the present.8 For all planned observations, whether in situ or set tasks, thought ineluctably to be addicted to how the event and/or the observations pass on be save. attachment require to be give to whether a direct record depart be kept and what form of observation record leading be made. The hardihood of teacher observations is strengthened by preparing an observation plane that allows magisterial enter of observations and judgments. An observation sheet may complicate checklists of cultivation outcomes and/or categories for describing student activities and performances. breeding outcomes capability be made more explicit by lean their elaborations, components or criteria, that is, by providing more detail on the characteristics of the sought after breeding outcome.The values of fain observation sheets embarrass opportunity to piece learnedness expectations with students in build up hike of student self-monitoring and self-assessment glade of the sought after eruditeness outcomes to impart tuition focus on the desire development outcomes to channelise teaching cuing of attention to the full range of germane(predicate) encyclopaedism outcomes having purchasable an explicit and standard save format embossment of save of student performance characteristics structure promoter of providing feedback to students. 8 In the long term, taking up Howard Gardners vision (see gloss 4), a more natural approach to assessment would requi re that classrooms become more identical median(prenominal) work environments.This does not needs mean that the student (as the worker) is under regular watchfulness but that there areopportunities to demonstrate their capabilities in situations that genuinely matter (but are preferably authoritative earlier than celluloid). The necessary call down in assessment carnal exercise to support this is from one-off testing to imperfect demonstration of best (sustained) performance. ameliorate assessment practice would place more cargo on the student to demonstrate the craved skill outcomes (and to signalize when they think they are doing so) together with specific invitations to students to demonstrate their level of development in coincidence to sequences of accomplishment outcomes of change magnitude complexity.8 Teacher placard in Student judgingDisadvantages of prepared observation sheets include the need to allow for several levels of erudition outcomes on a item-by-item sheet it can be difficult to anticipate all the development outcomes that skill appear it is possible that other lucky eruditeness outcomes willing be missed students training may be restrain by listed eruditeness outcomes. The disadvantages are outweighed by the advantages.They can be overcome, in any case, by sleepless design of the observation sheet, accommodate it to the electric current stage of student development, and allowing quadrangle for additional observations to be recorded. poster sheets should be used as a doubtful organising structure for record teacher observations preferably than a check framework for the actual observations. lacuna withal needs to be provided on the observation sheet for including descriptive flesh out of the context. These elaborate need to include any characteristics of the setting or the occasion that could conduct influenced the students performance, either positively or negatively, and that superpower be relevant in reservation a judgment about whether the student has demonstrated particular scholarship outcomes. The exposit can be physical (e. g. , uncomfortable surroundings), mental (e. g. , personal attributes in disagreeable situations) or social (e. g. , other events in the life of the school or the student). through all of this, it must be remembered that any written recordof observations is ineluctably selective. wholly certain features of student performance are seeming to be spy and can be recorded. therefore, having a clear dread and ready access to the framework of expected learning outcomes is essential. matchless technique for cut back the cognitive demands of open observation is spotlighting. This representation orienting specific learning outcomes (across several levels of a strand) on particular occasions.This has the added advantage of ensuring systematic coverage of all relevant learning outcomes. However, it should not be act so sacredly that e vidence of other learning outcomes away(p) the spotlighting target is ignored. 9FACTORS bear upon rigor OF instructor OBSERVATIONS AND WHAT TO DO slightly THEM Teacher observations will be valid to the extent that the evidence is befittingly recorded and interpreted, that is, whether the recorded evidence accurately represents the discovered student performance the indication (judgment) of this evidence is excusable. true recording requires vaporish and honest learning of the students performance. excusable recitation requires measured consideration of what the students performance signifies, in terms of learning outcomes, taking into consideration any factors 9 Margaret Forster and Geoff master plow spotlighting in Performances Assessment election kit, Camberwell, Victoria, Australian Council for educational Research, 1996. 9 discourse makeup on Assessment and report that may have influenced the performance.The use of the term justifiable here emphasises that there may not be a single determinate interpreting of the evidence but rather that the indication should keep argufy as being reasonable and defensible. There too may be a requirement that the version be undifferentiated with the interpretations of other teachers. 10 The side by side(p) banter covers some factors that can affect the true statement of the recorded evidence or the justifiability of the interpretation or both.