Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 6

Business Law - Essay Example Most tribunals deal with cases that involve the rights of private citizens against the State. Many of these tribunals deal with issues that are central to the fight against social exclusion like for example, social security, child support and mental health. Tribunals are a large and important part of the justice system, that have, hitherto fore, not received the attention and recognition that they deserve. The progress of equal pay cases can be normally slow and complicated. Cases pertaining to jobs of equal value involve enormous number of claimants with a wide range of implications. Tribunals face a lot of difficulty in dealing with complex cases which involve expertise, because they will be forced to appoint an independent expert to prepare a detailed case study and evaluation report and this causes inordinate delays. Further these independent experts are not supplied with sufficient information and further, they do not possess the required authority to demand such information from the claimants. The tribunal cannot enforce any sanction on the experts in the case of delays and the availability and appointment of such independent experts also involves time. In addition, tribunals conceal the identity of the independent experts and this has the effect of discouraging claimants, to some extent, in providing complete information. In order to mitigate these problems, section 8(5) of the... d in order to streamline case management by making the rules easier and by engendering the early exchange of information, engagement of independent experts and by ensuring that information is given to them at the early stage of the proceedings1. Another problem consists of the fact that there are no plans to extend legal aid to people whose incomes are low and who are involved in the complex tribunal procedures. The situation obtaining at present is such that many people have to meet their own costs, and have to represent themselves, whilst many employers are represented by experienced barristers. This practice enables employers or their legal representatives to use the threat of costs to intimidate and deter those making an application to an employment tribunal. Tribunals cover a very wide range of important issues like health, employment, benefits, housing and immigration and people depend on them to protect their important basic rights. If tribunals are to provide effective justice then people bringing and defending cases before it must have access to low cost and informed legal aid. The government had initiated steps to ensure that tribunals meet the standards of independence and impartiality as required by the Human Rights Act. In Starrs and Chalmers v Procurator Fiscal2 the court decisions have confirmed that Employment Tribunals3 and School Admission and Exclusion Appeal Panels4 meet the required standards. Therefore, the government is of the firm belief that tribunals fully meet all the requirements of the populace and that no further changes should be required on that account. However, the government will take all necessary steps wherever the arrangements in any particular tribunal are found to be insufficient. Apart from the considerations of human rights,

Wildlife Rehabilitation Center Essay Example for Free

Wildlife Rehabilitation Center Essay As a kid and an adult, I have encountered numerous occasions in which I’ve stumbled upon a neglected baby bird. Instinctually, I would think picking up the baby bird, bringing it into my home, and consoling it would be the most beneficial to the animal. After reading an article on South Plains Wildlife Rehabilitation Centers (SPWRC) website, I was surprised to learn doing the exact opposite would be better for the birds’ ultimate well-being. There are many issues that can be easily over looked because they do not necessarily affect one’s life directly. The both educational and environmentally beneficial programs at the South Plains Wildlife Rehabilitation Center can be a useful tool, to not only open one’s eyes to unseen issues, but also create a more diverse and stable local wildlife. South Plains Wildlife Rehabilitation Center hosts a variety of volunteer opportunities. In my opinion the most exciting program would be the hands on wildlife care program. This program involves, preparing meals, feeding animals, and helping with medical treatment, all while creating unique bonds with each animal. Also, the volunteer would learn the procedures for aiding the animals that are brought in for care and answering any questions about a wildlife emergency properly. If one is more drawn to the outdoors and wants more of a physical volunteer experience, helping with the building and grounds maintenance is a perfect opportunity for physical work. The program involves handy work, lawn care, landscaping, and general maintenance activities. Most importantly, this program includes the responsibility of maintaining a clean and suitable environment for the animals. Another opportunistic program with SPWRC is the environmental education program. This program is for volunteers who enjoy educating the public, it involves setting up educational materials, being able to handle educational animals, and teaching the community about the centers’ wildlife. To aid in this program volunteers will learn new materials necessary to inform the public and will also need to be open to creating ideas to help form new community outreach programs. For some volunteers who prefer to be a little more behind the scenes, there are opportunities to assist in fundraising and clerical work around the center. Fundraising will need volunteers to be able to participate and help with campaign activities. Clerical work will involve simple errands that will aid in the administrative office with staying up to date with important information. To get started with volunteering at South Plains Wildlife Rehabilitation Center, first depends on whether the volunteer is an adult or junior. Juniors’ fall under the age group of twelve to seventeen years old, because of their age, they need a parents’ approval and are restricted in helping with certain animals. An adult volunteer can help with any of the animals, if properly vaccinated and possesses a certificate with a notary seal for proof. There is also a questionnaire that must be filled out by all volunteers. After the proper vaccinations and the questionnaire have been completed, they will be sent to the volunteer coordinator. Soon after, the volunteer will be called for an orientation session, if qualified. South Plains Wildlife Rehabilitation Center is a non-profit organization that solely depends on its volunteers and the amount of donations given by the community. Without these two major factors, the rehabilitation center would not be able to function. With volunteering, an important role in this organization, there are a variety of volunteer opportunities waiting to be fulfilled. No matter how one chooses to get involved with SPWRC’s programs, the benefits of doing so echo both throughout the community and within oneself.

Airships :: essays research papers

Airships INDEX PROLOGUE 2 TYPES OF AIRSHIP 2 RIGID AIRSHIP 2 NONRIGID AIRSHIP 3 HISTORY OF RIGID AIRSPS 3 HISTORY OF NONRIGID AIRSHIPS 4 AIRSHIPS TODAY 5 HINDENBURG 6 HINDENBURG DISASTER 7 PROLOGUE An airship is a type of lighter-than-air aircraft with propulsion and steering systems, it is used to carry passengers and cargo. It obtains its buoyancy from the presence of a lighter-than-air gas such as hydrogen or helium. The first airship was developed by the French, called a ballon dirigible, it could be steered and could also be flown against the wind. TYPES OF AIRSHIP Two basic types of airship have been developed: the rigid airship, the shape of which is fixed by its internal structure; and the nonrigid blimp, which depends on the pressure created by a series of air diaphragms inside its gas space to maintain the shape of its fabric hull. Inventors sought to combine the best features of these models in a semirigid type, but it met with only limited success. Today only the nonrigid airship is used. Rigid Airship The rigid airship's structure resembled a cage that enclosed a series of balloons called gas cells. These cells were tailored to fit the cylindrical space and were secured in place by a netting that transmitted the lifting force of their gas to the structure. Each gas cell had two or more valves, which operated automatically to relieve pressure when the gas expanded with altitude, the valves could also be operated manually so that the pilot could release gas whenever desired. Also on board was a ballast system that used water as ballast. On the ground this ballast served to make the airship heavier than air. When part of it was released, the airship ascended to a cruising altitude where the engines supplied propulsion, and further ballast could be released to gain more altitude. As fuel was consumed, the airship became lighter and tended to climb. This was countered in hydrogen-inflated airships by simply releasing gas into the atmosphere. The method was uneconomical, however, with helium-inflated airships, and they were therefore equipped with ballast generators, apparatuses that condensed moisture out of the engines' exhaust gases to compensate for fuel that was consumed. But this ballast-generating equipment was expensive, complex, heavy, and difficult to maintain and was thus one of the most serious disadvantages of airships filled with the safer but more expensive helium. Nonrigid Airship In contrast to the rigid airship, the nonrigid blimp has no internal structure to maintain the shape of its hull envelope, which is made of two or three plies of cotton, nylon, or dacron impregnated with rubber for gas tightness. Inside the gas space of the hull are two or more air diaphragms called ballonets that

Comparing and Contrasting the Baroque and Classical Period in Music

Both the Baroque and the Classical period in music produced great household name composers, such as Johannes Sebastian Bach and George Handel in the Baroque Era, and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Josef Haydn in the Classical Period. To many listeners who are vaguely familiar with classical music, there is not much difference between these two musical periods.However, to avid listeners, the complex differences in style, tone, and structure between these two eras are too great to be ignored. Let us look first at the Baroque Period.This period is characterized by a strong contrapuntal style and a heavy reliance on polyphony, that is, on many different â€Å"voices† layered on top of one another. Baroque melodies usually do not follow a strict, symmetrical order (e. g. four-measure phrases, where there is a cadence every four measures), but instead work with themes or motives that are continuously spun out throughout the piece. This technique of â€Å"spinning out† motives is called by its German name, Fortspinnung, and is characterized by continuous motion, asymmetrical phrase lengths, melodic or harmonic sequences, key changes, and phrase omissions (Theory and Analysis 386).This technique often gives listeners a feeling of excitement, rendering chord progressions and melodic sequences somewhat unpredictable. Perhaps the greatest composer to come out of the Baroque Period is Johannes Sebastian Bach. His music is filled with complex melodies which work and re-work the themes stated at the beginning of his pieces. In contrast, the Classical Period of music is characterized more or less by a strict, symmetrical structure in the music.Phrases are often divided every four or eight measures, with these phrases adhering to a two part structure – antecedent and consequent phrases. The antecedent phrase, usually four or eight measures, ends in a half cadence, thereby calling for a harmonic resolution; the consequent phrase, usually of equal length, answe rs this call by ending in a full cadence (i. e. in the tonic), resolving the tension presented in the antecedent phrase. The biggest difference then between Baroque and Classical Period music, in terms of style, is the difference in phrase structure.Although both the Baroque and Classical Period share similar phrase endings (full or plagal cadences), the Baroque does not usually follow the antecedent-consequent phrase structure that characterizes so much of the music in the Classical Period. The foremost composer whose work best exemplifies the Classical Period is Wolfgang Mozart. His concertos, sonatas, and symphonies are filled with antecedent-consequent phrase structures that have been influential in music, from the Romantic Period to contemporary popular music.Given this difference in style, we also see differences in the forms of compositions. Because of the differences in instruments (e. g. Baroque Period is characterized by the use of the harpsichord, where Classical Period i s popular for its widespread use of the piano), different forms of music were very popular for each period. In the Baroque Period, the popular forms were Concerti Grossi (full orchestra with many soloists), Fugues (counterpoint style with multiple voices claiming the same melodies), and Suites (four movement pieces written for a select number of instrumentalists).And in the Classical Period, composers stuck to writing Concertos (three movement pieces for orchestra and a solo instrument), Symphonies (four movement orchestral pieces), and Sonatas (three movement pieces for one or more solo instruments). Most of the pieces in the Classical Period are written in Sonata-form, which divides the piece into three sections: exposition, which presents the main theme; development, which develops the main theme, varying it in complex ways; and recapitulation, which returns back to the main theme.Both periods of music produced rich pieces which are still listened to and played today, and yet the differences between these two periods, though somewhat subtle, provide a wide range of listening experiences for the classically tuned ear.Works Cited and BibliographyJane Piper Clendinning and Elizabeth West Marvin. The Musician’s Guide to Theory and Analysis. (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. , 2005)Donald Jay Grout. A History of Western Music. (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. , 1973).Charles Rosen. The Classical Style. (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. , 1972).

Event Industry Suppliers and Event Organisational Structures

Event Industry Suppliers and Event Organisational Structures Since the beginning of time human beings had the need of having special events. First, they were made for cultural and celebration purposes, but their area increased continuously. Today, the events vary from personal celebrations to mega events, from voluntary events to private musical events, form cultural to sporting events.Shone and parry classify special events by purpose and these are: leisure events (sport, recreation, and leisure), personal events (weddings, anniversaries, and birthdays), cultural events (Sacred, ceremonial, folklore, art, and heritage) and organizational events (commercial, political, charitable, sales). According to their size and scale, events are categorized in the following way, from the smallest to the biggest: local/community events, hallmark events, major events and mega events. Bowdin, 2006, p. 15) As Bowdin (23, 24) says further in his book, because of the complexity and volume of events in dustry today, a large range of event suppliers had been developed, which may work only for this industry, like catering, staging, lightning, fireworks, entertainment, but as Tassiopoulos (2005, p. 46) states, few suppliers are dedicated exclusively to the events, they just interfere with them as transportation, communication and security do.Events are organized by professionals working in a specific organizational structure, according to the size and complexity of the event. This could be simple, functional or a network one or a matrix type if the event is held at various venues. The network type consists in having an event manager or a small team as organizer(s) and hiring suppliers for what the event needs. So even if the organising team is not big enough to produce all the resources for an event, it can hire other organizations that supplies them with what else they need for materializing the event concept.This process is called by Bowdin as creating â€Å"virtual organisationsà ¢â‚¬  that lasts during the event then they disintegrate and each party can find other such organisations to join for future events. This kind of structure has the advantage of quick decision making, because the people who are making decisions are few in numbers, or only the event manager, others just being hired to do specific services. The activities of the events are usually categorised into distribution, production, venues and ancillary services. Shone and Parry (2010, p. 3 ) offer a list of organisations categorised by the type of services they are offering. The organisations who are working in the production area are: event management companies, party planners, production companies, event catering companies, exhibition and theatrical contractors and designers, technical services companies or individuals, professional party/conference oganisers, multimedia support companies voluntary bodies and education and training. ) Distribution organisations could be individual events and venues, event and conference agencies, trade madeia, hotel booking agencies.Visitior and convention bureau, incentive travel agencies, exhibition organisers, ticketing agencies, trade exhibitions and national and local tourist bodies. Some organisations that could supply the events with venues or services for venues are event room/hall/grounds hire, catering and kitchen facilities, accommodation, food and drink suppliers, business support services, medical and creche services, information and customer services, technical support, waste disposal and grounds clearance, toilets washrooms and public facilities, parking security and set designers.Also, still according to shone and parry, the organisations who offer anciliary services are: accommodation providers, photographers and video makers Transport and guiding services, music and entertainment providers, travel companies, costume hire service, marquee hire services, printer, floral contractor, database support service, fireworks di splay operator, professional and trade bodies, national and local government services. Event management companies, according to Bowdin (2006, p. 3), are organisations that are offering to organize events, usually large, for potential clients on contract basis. The gigantic corporations existing nowadays often contact these companies and usually generate long relationships with them, states Bowdin. Production companies are very similar to the event management ones, but they are restricted to the production, while the others may offer additional services without hiring external organisations. Party planners and professional event organisers do the same work as the event production companies, but they are individuals, nstead of teams or functional organisations. PCO, professional conference organisers, can organise conference and meetings for small groups or big conferences such as a political party meeting. Some venues serve their own food and beverage, but when an event is held at a venue without such services or in natural spaces, and the organisers want to provide to the customers, they will need to hire event catering companies, if they don’t have the resources themselves.These companies offer food and beverages from the simplest to very sophisticated types for events. The modern clients of events acquired taste and desire for quality and innovative dishes, so the catering services adapted their needs. These suppliers may have their own kitchen, the venue may provide them with one or the organisers will have to improvise a place where the food will be prepared.The organisers will have to consider other important factors when hiring these companies, such as waste management, asking the guests their preferences if it is a controlled event or researching the potential customers if it is an uncontrolled one, informing the catering company about the theme and the key moments of the event, such as speeches or surprise shows and assuring they will have enoug h food and beverages for the customers.Hotel booking agencies, incentive travel agencies, national, local tourist bodies, travel companies and accommodation companies play an important role in events if the customers are tourists or if they are coming from other localities and have to stay overnight. These organisations could provide some events with customers and offer them additional services such as accommodation and guiding. The event organisers could make contracts with these companies or buy their services for the customers in order to obtain them cheaper, instead of letting the clients buying by themselves.Ticketing agencies could be contacted to advertise the event, if the organisers are not specialised or don’t have time for this. If an event is theme based, then theme designers, costume hire services, floral contractors and other such companies can be hired to set a professional theme, buying the right supplies from retailers or producers of decoration or themed pro ducts for events. Photographers and video makers offer professional recording of events and they should be hired especially at cultural and personal events, because people like to memorise them over the years.Music and entertainment providers supply the events with the main component for the customer for the leisure events or they could just help for the ambiance at events that have other principal purposes. There are many available venues today that can and even ask to be hired for organising events. Many venue owners organise events by themselves, but also allows other professionals to hold events in their venues on a contract basis. The event manager should know how to negotiate with these venue owners and how to establish relationships.Government bodies also play an important role in events, because of the laws for preparation and sale of beverages, food, waste management and removal. External regulatory bodies As noted, contemporary events take place in an increasingly regulate d and complex environment. A series of local government and statutory bodies are responsible for overseeing the conduct and safe staging of events, and these bodies have an integral relationship with the industry.Councils often oversee the application of laws governing the preparation and sale of food, street closures, waste management and removal. In addition, events organizers have a legal responsibiliy to provide a safe workplace and to obey all laws and statutes relating to employment, contracts, taxation and so on. The professional event manager needs to be familiar with the regulations governing events and to maintain contact with the public authorities that have a vested interest in the industry. Bowdin 23 Events are held in many different locations from established venues to open spaces * The nature of your event will help dictate the type of venue you select * The event site or venue should be an effective space that suits the type of event being staged * Ultimately, the ve nue MUST be able to meet the needs of the event and its audience * â€Å"The number of new venues, and types of venues, opening their doors to conference delegates appears to be escalating, and there are increasing signs that demand for these facilities is not increasing at the same rate.Venues are not only changing in quantity but also in their quality. † * Davidson and Rogers (2006, p. 69) Top 5 Most Important Factors When Choosing a Venue as Identified by a Number of American Event Organisers 1. Size of the venue 2. Potential audience draw 3. Location 4. Number of meeting rooms 5. Price 6. Mike Lyon, Director, Write Style Communications, 7. The National Venue Show, (Sept. 2007) The choice of a venue is a crucial decision that will ultimately determine many of the elements of staging. Figure 13. 2 lists the major factors in the choice of a venue.The venue may be an obvious part of the theme of the event. A corporate party that takes place in a zoo is using the venue as part of the event experience. However, many events take place within ‘four walls and a roof’, the venue being chosen for other factors. It can be regarded an empty canvas on which the event is painted. Events can be staged in a range of unusual spaces, from unused factories, parkland, car parks or shopping centres, to floating stages on water or using flat-back trailers from articulated lorries in a supermarket car park.The event manager can exploit the surroundings and characteristics of the venue to enhance the event experience. In these situations, the traditional roles of stage manager and event manager become blurred. When the audience and the performers mix together and where they and the venue become the entertainment package, the delineation between stage and auditorium is no longer appropriate. An event that uses a purpose-built venue, for example, an arena or exhibition centre, will find that much of the infrastructure will be in place.Two documents _ Location _ M atching the venue with the theme of the event _ Matching the size of the venue to the size of the event _ Venue configuration, including sight lines and seating configuration _ History of events at that venue, including the venue’s reputation _ Availability _ What the venue can provide _ Transport to, from and around the venue; parking _ Access for audience, equipment, performers, VIPs, staff and the disabled _ Toilets and other facilities _ Catering equipment and preferred caterers Power (amount available and outlets) and lights _ Communication, including telephone _ Climate, including microclimate and ventilation _ Emergency plans and exits Figure 13. 2 The factors in venue selection 388 Events Management that are a good starting point for making an informed choice about the venue are the venue plan and the list of facilities. However, because there are so many factors in an event that are dependent on the venue or site, an inspection is absolutely necessary.For music event s, HSE (1999) suggest that main considerations for the site visit are available space for the audience, temporary structures, backstage facilities, parking, camping and rendezvous points, together with some idea of proposed capacity, concept for the entertainment and rough calculations of space requirements. For conference events, Shone (1998) identifies that location will be the key consideration, with the venue needing to be close to a main motorway and within an hour’s travelling time of a major city and airport (if international delegates are expected).Further, Owen and Holliday (1993) recommend that the event manager makes a preliminary unannounced visit to the venue to check the ambience and courtesy of staff before making arrangements. Lyon (2004, p. 2) notes that a site inspection or familiarization (Fam) trip provides you with the opportunity to sample the destination or potential venue, with the aim of you being able to sell this back to your organization and recapt ure the experience for your delegates. He provides a useful handbook to assist this process.Rogers (1998) suggests that there are a number of points to consider when shortlisting conference venues. These include: . the type of venue (hotel, conference centre, university, football stadia or stately homes) . the conference rooms and facilities available (including combination of room sizes and style of seating for the requirements of the event) . accommodation and leisure options (depending on residential requirements and opportunities for social activities) . an identifiable point of contact. As with many aspects of supplier selection, the Internet has had a significant effect on venue choice.Using a search engine is often the first action in the investigation of a suitable venue. Some websites display a choice of venues once certain information (such as size of audience, approximate location and type of event) has been entered. The major hotels, conventions and exhibition centres, u niversities and purpose-built venues have websites to enable the matching of event requirements to venue characteristics. However, this method has the same limitations as those of using photos and brochures to assess a venue. The websites are a tool for selling the venue, not a technical description.In addition, many suitable venues may not have an Internet presence. An Internet search will show only venues that expect to host events. If the event is truly special, the event venue may be part of that theme. A car park or a rainforest, for example, will not appear in a search for event venues. The final consideration when choosing an event is whether it requires a physical location at all. With the ongoing development of videoconferencing, and the extensive developments in the Internet, events can take place in ‘cyberspace’. With some events, e. g. usic concerts, the event takes place live in venue in the traditional manner, however, with the introduction of webcasting, a worldwide audience can view or experience the event simultaneously. In this instance, access to technological support and facilities, for example, a large bandwidth telephone line, will be a consideration. In other areas, for example, exhibitions and conferences, technology has been deployed in such a way that it may support the live event experience, through the website hosting supporting materials for visitors to view and in some cases interact with.Relatively recent advances in Internet technology, together with faster telecommunication infrastructure, have enabled conferences to take place solely on Staging events 389 line, with delegates interacting, either visually through videoconferencing or through text with instant messaging. Exhibitions can take place in virtual exhibition venues, which can either be modelled on the live exhibition venue as a means of supporting the event experience or can take place solely in the virtual world without the boundaries of traditional venu es and limited only by imagination and the available technology.The value of such developments is only just beginning to be realized, with some commentators predicting the death of live events, whilst other, more enlightened observers view these developments as a further medium to support or enhance the live event experience. The venue contract will have specialist clauses, including indemnifying the venue against damages, personnel requirements and provision of security staff. The contract can also contain the following elements: Security deposit: an amount, generally a percentage of the hiring fee, to be used for any additional work such as cleaning and repairs that result from the event. . Cancellation: outlining the penalty for cancellation of the event and whether the hirer will receive a refund if the venue is rehired at that time. . Access: including the timing of the opening and closing of the doors, and actual use of the entrances with controls to ensure only access to auth orized areas. . Late conclusion: the penalty for the event going overtime. . House seats: this is the reserved free tickets for the venue management. Additions or alterations: the event may require some changes to the internal structures of the venue. . Signage: this covers the signs of any sponsors and other advertising. Venue management approval may be required for all promotional material. 336 Events Management When hiring a venue, it is important to ascertain exactly what is included in the fee. For example, just because there were chairs and tables in the photo of the venue does not mean that they are included in the hiring cost. Negotiation: 500 words, Strong 4, identifying suppliers, special events 175 Conclusion

The United Nations and the Use of Force essays

The United Nations and the Use of Force essays Established with both the unscrupulous inaction of the League of Nations and the decisive effectiveness of the coalition against the Axis powers, the United Nations seemed to provide a multilateral, enforceable approach to international law and order at its inception. The bipolar world of the Cold War and the arguably hegemonic position of the United States in its aftermath provided sundry challenges to the UN's preeminence. As a climate of great-power policing pervaded international initiatives, the collective security goals of the UN were compromised by the national security objectives of the more prominent states. UN operations could be improved through Security Council reform and funding of peacekeeping operations, combined with expansion of the judicial authority of the United Nations to force compliance with its objectives. The structure of the UN Security Council must be drastically altered to serve the collective good of its member states better. The permanent membership of the United States, France, England, Russia, and China is anachronistic, reflecting a geopolitical order that no longer exists. Though some of the remaining ten seats are reserved for Africa and Latin America, the regions do not automatically gain increased clout. During the Security Council debates on the 2003 war on Iraq, Latin America was fortunate to be represented by more influential states, such as Mexico and Chile, while Africa relied on Guinea, Cameroon, and Angola, three nations more susceptible to outside pressure than some of their counterparts. Altering or expanding the permanent membership to include eminent states from each continent would give the body a more global voice. Furthermore, in the interests of equality, the veto must be abolished to prevent obstructionist behavior. Due to the national interests of t he states holding the veto, the UN was not involved in Vietnam, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, or the Falklands War despite the fac...

Can video games make children violent essays

Can video games make children violent essays Computer games, is it a possible disaster for society? While many say that it is just a game others, like myself, think that a computer can be as destructive as loading a gun and giving it to a toddler. This is because teens across the globe are playing horribly realistic video games with sadistic themes of violence, sex and drugs, not only that but some children are mimicking the actions of the games in real life, a sort of twisted reality lived out at a school in Columbine America. Also the fact that the government is even thinking of bringing out an R rated category so that children can play more violent games than usual is just astounding. The American government has investigated into these Murder Simulators and has found that some games do encourage aggressive behavior, some are such good teaching tools of destruction that the Australian army is using them as training tools, these are now being sold to the public to ANYONE. Some computer games that are being sold at such family orientated shops such as Target, Myer and K-mart are so graphically realistic that one could almost mistake it for reality. If that isnt bad enough the problem is that they can only get more realistic, while the technology of PCs advances its graphics capabilities boom enabling it to be more realistic than ever before. The realistic surrounds of everyday life added with the soul purposes to kill everyone, deal elicit substances and to Pimp women on the streets is just too much for the average ten year old to handle without being affected in an unacceptable way. It proved too much to two young American students at the Columbine high school in the USA. Two Children who were teased by other students decided to massacre their fellow students in a way not unlike to the Doom or Quake video games of their time. Both students were known to play excessive amounts of computer games such as Doom and Quak...

Battle of Kennesaw Mountain in the Civil War

Battle of Kennesaw Mountain in the Civil War Battle of Kennesaw Mountain - Conflict Date: The Battle of Kennesaw Mountain was fought June 27, 1864, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders: Union Major General William T. Sherman16,225 men Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston17,773 men Battle of Kennesaw Mountain - Background: In the late spring of 1864, Union forces under Major General William T. Sherman concentrated at Chattanooga, TN in preparation for a campaign against General Joseph Johnstons Army of Tennessee and Atlanta. Ordered by Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant to eliminate Johnstons command, Sherman had under his direction Major General George H. Thomass Army of the Cumberland, Major General James B. McPhersons Army of the Tennessee, and Major General John Schofields small Army of the Ohio. This combined force numbered around 110,000 men.   To defend against Sherman, Johnston was able to gather around 55,000 men at Dalton, GA which were separated into two corps led by Lieutenant Generals William Hardee and John B. Hood. This force included 8,500 cavalry led by Major General Joseph Wheeler.   The army would be reinforced early in the campaign by Lieutenant General Leonidas Polks corps.   Johnston had been appointed to lead the army after its defeat at the Battle of Chattanooga in Novemb er 1863.    Though he was a veteran commander, President Jefferson Davis had been reluctant to select him as he had shown a tendency to defend and retreat in the past rather than take a more aggressive approach. Battle of Kennesaw Mountain - Roads South: Commencing his campaign in early May, Sherman employed a strategy of maneuver to force Johnston from a series of defensive positions.   An opportunity was lost in the middle of the month when McPherson missed a chance to trap Johnstons army near Resaca.   Racing to the area, both sides fought the inconclusive Battle of Resaca on May 14-15.   In the wake of the battle, Sherman moved around Johnstons flank forcing the Confederate commander to withdraw south.   Johnstons positions at Adairsville and Allatoona Pass were dealt with in a similar fashion.   Slipping west, Sherman fought engagements at New Hope Church (May 25), Picketts Mill (May 27), and Dallas (May 28).   Slowed by heavy rains, he approached Johnstons new defensive line along Lost, Pine, and Brush Mountains on June 14.   That day, Polk was killed by Union artillery and command of his corps passed to Major General William W. Loring. Battle of Kennesaw Mountain - The Kennesaw Line: Retreating from this position, Johnston established a new defensive line in an arc to the north and west of Marietta.   The northern part of the line was anchored on Kennesaw Mountain and Little Kennesaw Mountain and then extended south to Olleys Creek.   A strong position, it dominated the Western Atlantic Railroad which served as Shermans primary supply line north.   To defend this position, Johnston placed Lorings men in the north, Hardees corps in the center, and Hood to the south.   Reaching the vicinity of Kennesaw Mountain, Sherman recognized the strength of Johnstons fortifications but found his options limited due to the impassable nature of the roads in the area and the need to control the railroad as he advanced.   Concentrating his men, Sherman deployed McPherson in the north with Thomas and Schofield extending the line south.   On June 24, he outlined a plan for penetrating the Confederate position.   This called for McPherson to demonstrate against most of Lorings lines while also mounting an attack against the southwest corner of Little Kennesaw Mountain.   The main Union thrust would come from Thomas in the center while Schofield received orders to demonstrate against the Confederate left and possibly attack up Powder Springs Road if the situation warranted.   The operation was scheduled for 8:00 AM on June 27 (Map). Battle of Kennesaw Mountain - A Bloody Failure: At the appointed time, around 200 Union guns opened fire on the Confederate lines.   Approximately thirty minutes later, Shermans operation moved forward.   While McPherson executed the planned demonstrations, he ordered Brigadier General Morgan L. Smiths division to commence the assault on Little Kennesaw Mountain.   Advancing against an area known as Pigeon Hill, Smiths men encountered rough terrain and dense thickets.   One of Smiths brigades, led by Brigadier General Joseph A.J. Lightburn, was forced to wade through a swamp.   While Lightburns men were able capture a line of enemy rifle pits, enfilading fire from Pigeon Hill halted their advance.   Smiths other brigades had similar luck and were unable to close with the enemy.   Halting and exchanging fire, they were later withdrawn by Smiths superior, XV Corps commander Major General John Logan. To the south, Thomas pushed forward the divisions of Brigadier Generals John Newton and Jefferson C. Davis against Hardees troops.   Attacking in columns, they encountered the entrenched divisions of Major Generals Benjamin F. Cheatham and Patrick R. Cleburne.   Advancing on the left over difficult terrain, Newtons men made multiple charges against the enemy on Cheatham Hill but were repulsed.   To the south, Newtons men succeeded in reaching the Confederate works and were repelled after extended hand-to-hand fighting.   Retreating a short distance, the Union soldiers entrenched in an area later dubbed the Dead Angle. To the south, Schofield conducted the planned demonstration but then found a path that allowed him to advance two brigades across Olleys Creek.   Followed by Major General George Stonemans cavalry division, this maneuver opened a road around the Confederate left flank and placed Union troops closer to the Chattahoochee River than the enemy. Battle of Kennesaw Mountain - Aftermath: In the fighting at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, Sherman suffered around 3,000 casualties while Johnstons losses were approximately 1,000.   Though a tactical defeat, Schofields success allowed Sherman to continue his advance.   On July 2, after several clear days had dried the roads, Sherman sent McPherson around Johnstons left flank and forced the Confederate leader to abandon the Kennesaw Mountain line.   The next two weeks saw Union troops force Johnston through maneuver to continue retreating back towards Atlanta.   Frustrated with Johnstons lack of aggression, President Davis replaced him with the more aggressive Hood on July 17.   Though initiating a series of battles at Peachtree Creek, Atlanta, Ezra Church, and Jonesboro, Hood failed to prevent Atlantas fall which finally came on September 2.    Selected Sources: Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield ParkCivil War Trust: Battle of Kennesaw MountainGeorgia Encyclopedia: Battle of Kennesaw Mountain

Evaluate the foreign exchange exposure aspects of the French retail Essay

Evaluate the foreign exchange exposure aspects of the French retail investment project on behalf of Archer's Organic Foods plc - Essay Example .................................4 4.0 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......†¦.................................9 5.0 Recommendations............................................................................................9 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 Appendices †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....†¦.10 Abstract Without a doubt, the issue of foreign exchange exposures through loss of economic value leads to high losses in firms’ value as the management seeks to maximize the profitability, net cash flow and marke t value of the firm. More significantly, foreign exchange rates get exposures to translation, transaction, and economic exposures depending on the market prevalent exchange rates in the foreign exchange market. With the existence of increased exchange exposure risks among companies that operate globally, different current and uprising fluctuations in the foreign exchange rates influence its growth (Allayannis and Ofek, 2001). As a result, most companies’ analysts undertake a thorough analysis of the foreign exchange markets, which reflects the increased significance of monitoring the effects of the fluctuating exchange rate as it affects individual firms’ profitability levels. ... ds plc management is interested in undertaking investment decisions that will increase its profitability levels, thus avoiding any losses that might arise from its expansion to France due to increased risks of foreign exchange exposures. Considering the market sensitivity to exchange rate exposures, it is radical to undertake a decision based on foreign exchange exposures that are more likely to occur in terms of a regression of asset value on the exchange rate. As a company considering undertaking investment projects that will increase their profitability levels, the management of Archer’s Organic Foods plc should consider the increased possibility of accounting, operation and strategic exposures that could arise from increased foreign exchange rate fluctuations. More significantly, the possibility of increased volatility of the financial markets as Archer’s Organic Foods plc seeks to undertake increased expansion growth allows for unexpected movements in exchange rate s and interest rates within the different foreign markets (Elliott, Huffman and Makar, 2003). More importantly, the increased free movements of cash flows and profits generated from trading with France increases the likelihood of foreign exchange exposures. With the growing global competition,  the increased likelihood of foreign exchange exposures through increased unanticipated movements with the foreign currency trading can cause very large gains or losses if the risks remain largely uncontrolled. As a result, the company’s management should seek to undertake increased measures through increased use of foreign currency derivatives and other hedging instruments that are more likely to mitigate the risk of foreign exchange losses affecting the firm’s asset value. Foreign Exchange Rate Exposures

Compare reward approach between Asia and Western economy Essay

Compare reward approach between Asia and Western economy - Essay Example The western economy has shown progress mainly because of the motivated workforce. They have adopted the total reward management strategy. This compares to Asia that also has seen economic rise though not successful as the western economy. The Asian countries have also shifted from the traditional reward system to the total reward system. Western countries adopt the change quickly because they have less cultural cohesion unlike the Asian with the cultural cohesion. The success of the western economy can be linked in the utilization of total reward system to make decisions, improve staff performance and help solve potential reward problems. With the uncertainty of the world economy, having the right talent at the right cost in companies across the world has been a great challenge in human resource. Total reward programs aim at attracting and retaining a talented workforce in any company. As technological advances are, and the swaying global economy poses a significant threat to companies`, it has been shown that total reward strategy is used to achieve excellence. This paper compares the reward approach between Asia and the western world (Chiang and Birtch 2007, p.61). Through use of literatures, rewards systems in the international context have been explored. The main objectives of the paper include: 3. To assess the significance of total reward system under the culturally, globalization influence and through theoretical views of total reward management know the use, models and design in the global economy. According to Milkovich and Newman, (2006, p.8) reward is all the tangible and non-tangible benefits and provisions presented to an employee as part of improving employment relationship. Work rewards refer to benefits employees receive from their workplace that are considered as the determinants of job satisfaction and commitment (Malhotra et

The Failure of The War Powers Resolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Failure of The War Powers Resolution - Essay Example The joint resolution only allowed the president to take such an action, on the event that there is a war emergency that the army should respond to. Other instances include, should the US, its territories or its interests be attacked (David & Larry, 1996 p22). As the provision of the law, the president should notify the congress once his intention to place the armed forces into war, within a span of 48 hours. More to this provision is the fact that the armed forces are prohibited from remaining in the war zone abroad for a period exceeding two months. After the expiry of the first two months, the army is granted 30 more days within which all its soldiers and operations should be withdrawn for the territory (Gareth, 2007 p19). Since this joint resolution was passed by majority two thirds of the congress, then the president has no veto powers over the legislation and thus has just to agree with the terms as provided. However, some presidents of the US have superseded these provisions, a nd engaged in war, without strictly adhering to the legislation, under some circumstances. Notable are the examples of presidents Bill Clinton and Obama, whereby in 1999, Clinton authorized the bombing of Kosovo, in total disregard of these legislative provisions. In 2011, president Obama went ahead and approved to enforce a no-fly zone policy over Libya, as was required by the UN (Dinan, 2006 W6). While President Obama held the view that the legislation did not provide restrictions for such actions, many of the US presidents have also held the same viewpoint, arguing that the legislation is against the US constitution. As per the US constitution, the congress is mandated with the powers of declaring war, supporting the armed forces and also the budget for such wars, and making all the necessary legislations that oversees the execution of such wars. The institution of presidency on the other hand is mandated to lead the armed forces and repel any attack that may face the US (Glen, 2 011 p28). As a privilege added to this institution, the president can agree to or reject a declaration of war issued by the congress, as he deems necessary. Therefore, there has been a struggle between the congress and the US presidents on the constitutionality of such provisions, as provided for by The War Powers Resolution. This has seen the provisions undermined by the presidents, through taking such war actions without consulting the congress. Thus, a question arises as to which institution, among the congress, the Supreme Court and the president is responsible for this failure. The failure of The War Powers Resolution can be traced to the side of congress. These failures are both in the way the congress enacted the legislation and in its failure to enforce the enacted law subsequently, where it would be necessary to contain the actions of the presidents (Rumsfeld, 2011 p14). Though some US presidents have totally overruled the provisions of the legislation, there is a possibili ty that the congress could nave contained such undermining, through their legislative and consequent enforcement powers. Thus, even though the institution of presidency can be blamed for such failures through undermining the requisite laws, the congress bears the greater burden of failure. The major failure of the War Powers Resolution, as a legislation is in its objective, under section 2a, where the law meant to seek a collective judgment in matters pertaining to wars

Entropy impact in other fields besides of engineering Essay

Entropy impact in other fields besides of engineering - Essay Example In a clogged thermodynamic system, entropy worsens due to degradation. The physical law of nature states that if entropy is left untouched, it declines steadily. This means that entropy does not perform any good. The adverse effects of entropy are analogous to disorder within a business setting. Like entropy, businesses slowly decline in performance due to degradation. Deterioration occurs in many aspects of a business environment in all levels. For example; a manufacturing system that is comprised of people, materials and processes that are tailored to deliver finished services and goods to consumers. In order to stay competitive, the final product must have the quality that attracts customers and at the least amount. The emergence of business disorders will halt the quality and competitive price of the final product. A manager should employ management tactics that take the business disorders into account and come up with ways to fight this deterioration (Alcedo, 2011). The following factors should be considered; processes, in a business environment, employees come face to face with the same type of a process on a daily basis. A process is defined as a mix of inputs that generate matching outputs. Continuous process innovation should be carried out to combat process entropy. Such entropy is prevalent in mechanistic organizations that fail to accept easily change. Bureaucratic organizations rely on values and regulations, centralized hierarchy and defined job responsibilities (Mintzberg, 1989). They also rely on an authority, a clear chain of command and a central decision-making organ. They are repetitive, simple and standardized. Managers should introduce continuous improvement techniques that scrutinize processes and come up with ways of improving them. This is a low-cost approach to improving the processes. Innovations should also be

Essay Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assignment - Essay Example Therefore, the government and private sector must work hand in hand in order to enhance cyber security. The government is justified in telling the private sector how to enhance or improve cyber security because there is urgent need to protect and secure our processors/computers , financial institutions, confidential information on national security and other significant aspects of the governments infrastructure (Kirby n.p). The government is calling on a tough government regulation of what is posted in the cyber space. The government understands that the computer systems needs to be secure because of the ever increasing function of information and the rapid growth in e-commerce area have made cyber security significant to the economy. In addition, cyber security is important to the functioning of safety essential systems like response to an emergency and to the guard of government’s infrastructure systems. The private sector have been opposing governments efforts to impose stricter regulation of cyber security but it is of great significance to protect the telecommunication sector and electric grid that is in the hands of the private sector. If a United States of America enemy attacked the computer system or networks that control these sectors, private organizations that own them would have to handle these network themselves without government’s aid. Such a situation will leave the United States of America infrastructure exposed and vulnerable in case of cyber war with its enemies (Kirby n.p). Private sectors should understand that the world has changed and that we are in an information society where data or information matters, therefore, as organizations, this makes them the front line not the support system in influencing and determining what is exposed or disseminated. The government released that private industry has been lacking behind in cyber security and that

Composing a Philosophy of Eating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Composing a Philosophy of Eating - Essay Example I have few friends in my school who are suffering from obesity related health problems. These friends do not have the ability to play with us because of their overweight. Because of the severe harassments facing from their friends, they like to spend their leisure time either in the library or in front of the computers. Replying to one of my question, one of these obese friends told me that it is difficult for him to take less food even though he likes to reduce his weight. In other words, it is better to take preventive measures before obesity actually strikes a person. The above fact taught me a lesson and I decided to control my eating habits in order to escape from the threat of obesity related problems. This paper describes my philosophy of eating, formulated based on the data collected from my surroundings. My current philosophy of eating can be described in few words; eat nothing unless it’s worth eating. In other words, it is better to eat something only at times when we experience hunger. There are many people who eat something even if they don’t feel hunger, in order to give company to others. I also had such habits. Foods should be consumed only at times when a person feels hungry. Our body has the ability to remind us the necessity of energy in the form of hunger. The energy or calorie received from foods taken at the time when a person feels hungry, will be utilized for some bodily functions. Therefore extra energy or calorie will never be accumulated in our body if we take normal food at the time of hunger. On the other hand when we take food during unwanted times, the body forced to store the extra calorie in the form of fats which will make the person obese. Another major point in my current eating philosophy is the avoidance of fast foods as much as possible. Fast foods are tastier than other foods and people who take fast food may consume more than what is required for the body because if this extra taste. Most of the fast foods are enriched with fat contents. Moreover fast foods are comparatively cheaper and easy to cook. And therefore people make use of it more frequently. Half boiled or half cooked foods are popular in all over the world at present. Nobody wants to spend too much time in kitchen after a busy day schedule. So, people will purchase half boiled foods from groceries or supermarkets and prepare it quickly using a microwave oven or some other cooking equipment. Frequent use of foods cooked using microwave oven could raise radiation related health problems. In short, fast foods, half boiled or half cooked foods can create lot of health problems and it is better to avoid it as much as possible. It is better to eat slowly rather than attacking the dishes in a hurry. Slow eating will help us to eat only the required amount of food, Moreover, such habits will help the digestion process. I have a friend who does have the habit of taking foods in a hurry, irrespective of whether the food is tastier o r not. His philosophy of eating is take food as quickly as possible. He faced lot of problems in the past because of this peculiar eating style. Many times, the bones of fried chicken and fishes get jammed in his throat because of his speedy eating style. Since he is taking food in a hurry, he doesn’t have any idea about the volume of food he has taken. For him taking food three or four times in a day is a routine job and he

Essay Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assignment - Essay Example Therefore, the government and private sector must work hand in hand in order to enhance cyber security. The government is justified in telling the private sector how to enhance or improve cyber security because there is urgent need to protect and secure our processors/computers , financial institutions, confidential information on national security and other significant aspects of the governments infrastructure (Kirby n.p). The government is calling on a tough government regulation of what is posted in the cyber space. The government understands that the computer systems needs to be secure because of the ever increasing function of information and the rapid growth in e-commerce area have made cyber security significant to the economy. In addition, cyber security is important to the functioning of safety essential systems like response to an emergency and to the guard of government’s infrastructure systems. The private sector have been opposing governments efforts to impose stricter regulation of cyber security but it is of great significance to protect the telecommunication sector and electric grid that is in the hands of the private sector. If a United States of America enemy attacked the computer system or networks that control these sectors, private organizations that own them would have to handle these network themselves without government’s aid. Such a situation will leave the United States of America infrastructure exposed and vulnerable in case of cyber war with its enemies (Kirby n.p). Private sectors should understand that the world has changed and that we are in an information society where data or information matters, therefore, as organizations, this makes them the front line not the support system in influencing and determining what is exposed or disseminated. The government released that private industry has been lacking behind in cyber security and that

Research critique (Criteria for the Evaluation of Educational Essay

Research critique (Criteria for the Evaluation of Educational Research) - Essay Example The term refers to the punishment of young children in this case and hence the title could have been a bit wordier without sounding verbose. In this section, I analyse the problem statement and definition of the issue that the article deals with. The problem statement can be expressed as follows: Though there have been studies’ detailing the effects of â€Å"time-out† as a punitive measure, there has been little focus on the perceptions of the children themselves on the measure as a tool to punish bad behaviour and inculcate good behaviour. The purpose of the article is to conduct a survey among the target population of children older than two or three years and study the children’s attitudes towards this form of punishment and whether it acts as a deterrent or do the children perceive it as just another punishment. As discussed in the section on literature review, the problem statement is consistent with the literature review. To take one instance, the article quotes studies by Betz (1994) about how the â€Å"time-out† does not teach desirable behaviour and the popularity of the technique as evidenced in the study by Webber and Scheuermann (1991). The other sources that the authors use to justify their focus on this specific problem statement are the ones by Dobson (1978) and Twiford (1984) who extol the virtues of â€Å"time-out†. The problem statement is not reformulated and the concluding remarks by the authors are about how further research needs to take place to validate their preliminary findings. Further, there is no discussion on limitations that the study has and though the scope is defined, it is more of a methodological approach to the problem statement by using surveys as a method of arriving at the results rather than a clear definition of what is in scope and what is out of scope. The point here is

Categorical clustering Essay Example for Free

Categorical clustering Essay Theories which link recall directly to the way in which the information is encoded are very well supported and accepted among cognitive theorists; however, there is a lack of research on specific tricks to encoding which may aid in recall efficiency (Roy, 1967). The theories on this are widely accepted but, in fact, are poorly supported due to their common sense value. There is a need for more research about the ways in which environment directly effects efficiency of recall. Considering all of the research done on the correlation between encoding methods and recall, it can be seen that recall is directly affected by the modality and physical characteristics of encoding (Squire, 1987). Mnemonic devices are techniques to improve retention and most involve some combination of vivid visual imagery, organization of information into meaningful units, and hierarchies, and association with well-learned information (Winn, 2001). Many different memorization techniques have been designed to accommodate the unique way that every brain encodes the most effectively. Mnemonic devices have been devised to help the naturally most effective way for each individuals brain to encode information, but are geared towards visual learners. Kinetic and Auditory Learners need to modify what is being encoded in order for it to be effectively recalled later (Expanding, 1996). These specific techniques add meaning to an otherwise meaningless list of items (Sternberg, 1999). Common mnemonic devices include categorical clustering, interactive images, pegword systems, method of loci, acronyms, acrostics, and keyword systems. Henry Roediger has studied the comparative effectiveness of these mnemonic strategies and found that it was influenced by the kind of task required at the time of retrieval. He went on to suggest that when choosing a method for encoding, one should keep in mind the purpose of recalling the information (Sternberg, 1999).. Students are often asked to memorize large amounts of information at one time. There is a very small amount of research on the effectiveness of different mnemonic devices specifically effective for the purpose of recalling scholastic information. One method which has been theorized to fit this type of purpose of recall is categorical clustering. It has already been theorized by Weston Bousfield that the human brain automatically separates information into categories. In 1953 he tested this theory by showing that if sets of test words can be divided into categories, participants will automatically cluster their recall output by these categories. Aiding the natural inclination to categorize with mnemonic devices could greatly help memorization. Theories about this are very poorly supported. Further investigation of this specific mnemonic device is important in investigating how it affects the recall of lists of words. Knowing this would be relevant in scholastic and other environments in which this device could be especially helpful. Hypothesis  IB Juniors given a list of 18 words with a list of 3 category titles will recall the items on the list more accurately than those given the list without the category titles  Null Hypothesis  There is no difference in recall between IB Juniors given a list with category titles and those given the list without the titles. Methods: Design  Design  The design that will be used for this experiment is independent samples, because it meets the needs of the experiment and also minimizes error and is effective in controlling specific internal validity concerns. This specific design controls for testing and progressive errors, most order effects, maturation, and mortality. This design, however, does not control for history. The only unwanted subject variables in this experiment would be learning or memory deficit disorders. Drastic problems that keep a student from being able to memorize or learn new things effectively would negatively affect the experiment and make the results more difficult to generalize. To control for this, as a sort of pre-screening, only juniors enrolled in the International Baccalaureate program will be used as volunteers. It can be ensured that any student which has made it that far within that rigorous an academic program has no drastic disorders which effect his or her memory or ability to learn and retain information. This also controls for selection in that all IB Juniors are statistically equivalent. Diffusion of treatment in this experiment could be a problem if the subjects share words or information from the lists while trying to recall them. This could largely alter the results of the experiment and therefore the researchers will be preventing subject interaction and supervising them as they are recalling remembered words. All subjects will be given the exact same list of words, only 1/2 will be given simple category titles. The words will still be in the same order and place on the page to control for instrumentation errors. Ethics Because subjects will be tested in front of a teacher, it will be made fully aware that they will be ethically treated and that in no way will this experiment alter their status in that classroom. The researchers will establish a clear and fair agreement with the research participants prior to their participation. This agreement will clarify the aim of the study, that it is completely optional, and ensure that the results will be shared with the participants after all data is collected and analyzed. The researchers will make the subjects fully aware that the study is not only optional, but that the subject can decline to participate or withdraw from the research at any time without any repercussions whatsoever. All necessary aspects of the research will be described and the volunteers will give their informed consent prior to participation. Results will remain confidential and anonymous, but the final purpose of the study shall be revealed in a follow up session. Since all of the participants are under 18, the principal and the party who is legally responsible for the students while they are on campus (Mrs. Benware) will be made aware of the aim of the study and give her consent to let any volunteers participate in the study. III. Methods: Participants The entire population of IB Juniors may be used in the experiment; however, the statistical concepts of sampling make it unnecessary. The sample will consist of IB Juniors from Mrs. Jamisons 3rd and 6th period classes, and from various other teachers which give informed consent for the researchers to talk to their classrooms about the experiment and offer the opportunity for the students to volunteer. The participants will be a representative group of the entire population of IB juniors. Students which are taking psychology dont create any errors in population validity, as they havent participated in enough training in psychology for their results to be altered in any way because of it. To obtain a random sample from the IB Junior class, students from random classrooms will be asked to volunteer. A random sample of 30 IB Juniors is used in the experiment. They are all 16-17 years of age and have similar academic backgrounds and capabilities, as they are all in the International Baccalaureate program.

Formal Approach to Thomas Grays Elegy (Eulogy) Written in a Country C

Formal Approach to Thomas Gray's Elegy (Eulogy) Written in a Country Churchyard   Thomas Gray's poem "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" is a very structured poem with a set number of lines per stanza, and a specific rhyme scheme throughout the entire poem. The poem focuses on Gray's thoughts while he visits a country churchyard, and ends with an epitaph written on one of the tombstones in the churchyard. The setting of a country churchyard automatically gives way to a small and unknown graveyard, and those that inhabit the graveyard are not going to be well known people in the community or in American history. Gray's form and style allow for the reader to see the churchyard he is in, and the metaphors and symbolism he uses open the mind of the reader to view the world in a new way.   The form of the poem is a very standard elegy, consisting of four line stanzas and a rhyme scheme of a-b-a-b for each stanza. The form gives a visual image of a graveyard and all the plots lined up in a straight lines row after row, and in doing so puts the reader into the same setting as he is in. The setting is not only present in the form of the poem, but also in the first few stanzas. The setting is in a churchyard after sunset, and on a very still and quiet night. Gray's word choice to describe the churchyard present a vivid picture, such as "Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight, and all the air a solemn stillness holds..."(5-6). The reader can visualize the images of the sun setting over the land and the stillness of the night air from his perspective in these lines. The rhyme scheme of a-b-a-b gives the reader a mental picture of plots in the graveyard. In the first stanza, for example, the ending words are day, lea, wa... ...eople in life might never be seen due to the environment that they are living in or born into. The irony of the poem is that the greatest things on earth might not be those things that we can see and hold to be the greatest. Gray's poem makes a reader examine one's life to truly measure the things that one holds to be great or wonderful, and to look deeper into society to find the truly great things in one's life. Also, he examines that no matter how great a person in life that they will become a just a "shapeless sculpture" (79) with a name, numbers, and a lasting quote that will sum that person's entire life up. Gray's "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" is a poem that truly explains that there are far greater things in life than what society holds to be great, and that one must judge for oneself what is great or not based on one's own personal experiences.

The Internets Effects on Reading Essay example -- National Endowment

The Internet's Effects on Reading NEAdites join me in rejoicing at the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) report Reading at Risk: A Survey of Literary Reading in America. This report brings into view the dangers of the Internet and foreshadows the impact it and the associated electronic media forms it delivers will have on culture and society. Our only chance is one huge electromagnetic burst that will take it all out from the inside. The act of reading as we traditionally know it is under assault. We must not get caught up in the electronic media and forget that which is important, â€Å"A book must be an ice ax to break the seas frozen inside our souls† is Kafka’s battle cry for reading (Solomon 1994). This quote is echoed by Nomi Schwartz who, like Solomon, draws up sides in her argument in favor of reading. For her, there are those who know the joys of reading, and those who do not but should. There must be two sides to every battle. Don’t rush out to join the NEAdites just yet though, traditional reading of literature may be in decline as statistically shown by the NEA report, the narrow focus of the report however fails to consider that change is continuous and inevitable and that these new forms of media actually have the potential to expand reading and enhance participation in activities associated with culture and the arts. We all have our comfort zones, not surprisingly we are most comfortable with what we known. A stake in the present can rattle change around as a threat to the future. Reports such as this are intriguing because they challenge our safety zone, they bring our fear of change to the surface, prompting us to take action so we don’t loose our sacred now. The NEA report is one of many â€Å"crise du jour... ...st 8). Reading at Risk: Lack of interese in literature is a crisis [Commentary]. Columbia Daily Tribune. Retrieved August 19, 2004, from ShowMeNews: http://www.showmenews.com/2004/Aug/20040808Comm007.asp United States National Endowment for the Arts. (2004, June). Reading at Risk: A Survey of Literaty Reading in America [Research Division Report #46]. Retrieved September 22, 2004, from National Endowment for the Arts: http://www.nea.gov/news/news04/ReadingAtRisk.html Vegh, S. (2003). Classifying Forms of Online Activism: The Case of Cyberprotests agains the World Bank. In M. McCaughey & M. D. Ayers (Eds.), Cyperactivism: Online Activism in Theory and Practice (pp. 73-77). New York, NY: Routledge. Wood, P. (2004, July 19). Literature at Risk. National Review Online. Retrieved September 20, 2004, from http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/wood200407190842.asp

Petronas Twin Tower

Petronas Towers, also known as Petronas Twin Towers, are twin buildings situated in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, on the site of city’s race track. Of the two building, the one named Tower 1 was built by Hazama Corporation, while the other, known as Tower 2, was constructed by Samsung Engineering & Construction. The construction work on Petronas Towers was completed in 1998 and they were opened in August 1999. At the time of their completion, the twin buildings were the tallest buildings in the world and continued to be so till 2004.The interior design of the towers depicts the influence of Malaysian culture. An interesting fact is that the effort that went into the building of these towers, turned out to be global. The architect was an Argentinian; the consultants were from Canada, the structural design engineers were from New York and lastly two consortiums were hired one from Japan and the other from South Korea. Location: Jalan Ampang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Area: 4,252,000 sq. ft. Built in: 1 August 1999 Built by: KLCC Holdings Architect: Cesar Pelli There are 88 stories in Petronas Twin Towers.The Towers were designed by Argentine-American architect Cesar Pelli. The foundation of Petronas Twin Towers is as much as 120 m deep and was built by Bachy Soletanche. Reinforced Concrete is the main material used in the construction of the Towers. Petronas Twin Towers make use of glass facade that was designed to resemble Islamic art motifs. The overall height of the Towers is 483ft. Petronas Towers spread over an area or around 3. 7 million sq. ft. The sky-bridge of the Twin Towers is at 41st and 42nd level and is 192ft long. It weighs 750 tons.There are 10 escalators in each building of Petronas Towers. The entry to the Towers is free, but only a limited number of timed tickets are provided on a daily basis. It cost US $1. 2 billion to build the Towers. After the initial design by the architects, structural engineers were called in to determine how the structur es were to be actually built. Before construction began, the structural engineers performed site tests to ensure that the buildings, which had an estimated weight of over 300,000 metric tons, would have a good foundation.During these examinations, they found that the original site contained an underground cliff that made it unsuitable for building. With extra work and expense, the towers could have been built on this site, but the engineers predicted that in years to come, the towers would begin to tilt. They then decided on a site, 60 meters southeast of the original, where they could develop a more stable, uniform foundation. Each building's foundation was set from 55 to 130 meters underground and contained individual supports surrounded by a mixture of sand and cement.The supports were then filled with a concrete mixture created especially for this project. This concrete was continuously poured for over 52 hours to ensure stability and a smooth finish. The process of excavating t he site and laying the foundation took about a year to complete. Subsequent to the foundation being set, construction on the towers began. Since constructing a tower this tall was new ground for the contractors involved, they were forced to use new ideas to aid in their task. They employed the Global Positioning Satellite system to calculate the accuracy of the towers' vertical height.Instead of employing the conventional steel framework used in most skyscrapers, structural consultants opted for concrete. The designers realized that steel structures tended to be more flexible whereas the stiffer concrete would be more suitable for the job. Since the architect wished for tall, slender buildings, a new concrete, three times stronger than any other concrete used in construction, was developed and successfully deployed. The buildings' floor beams were made from steel in order to minimize height.The fire alarm system is designed using specific fire detection systems that include smoke an d heat detectors, manual call points, sprinkler-system tracking and a firemen‘s telephone / two-way intercom system. Each tower has an individual fire alarm . The fire safety plan of the towers is designed so that if a fire happens on a floor, the shuttle elevators will be available for use in evacuating residents. Other floors would be evacuated or residents relocated only if required. They can also go one tower to another through the bridge on 41 and 42 level if fire breaks out.

In Othello, Shakespeare creates characters who reinforce social stereotypes and others who abandon more traditional roles

In this essay I aim to discuss the way Shakespeare creates characters who reinforce social stereotypes and others who abandon more traditional roles and how it helps his play by looking at the language form and structure. In Shakespeare's time there were different standings in class, race and in gender, men were above women and whites were above blacks a character that reinforces this stereotype of the time is the character of Brabantio, he is the father of Desdemona who is the object of Othello's heart. Othello is black and Desdemona is white, these two being together let alone married would've been a great shock to audiences in Shakespeare's time, so Shakespeare needed a character to represent the way most people think and this was Brabantio. An example of Branbantio as being stereotypical is when he says where hast thou stowed my daughter? Damned as though art, though hast enchanted her. This shows him as being stereotypical in a varied number of ways the first being he believes that Othello has used magic to make his daughter love him which shows the belief of the dark arts at this time but also the only reasons he believes Othello has used dark arts to enslave his daughter is because he is black, black people at this time were very much looked down upon and were thought of evil and users of the dark arts so it is understandable to the audience of Shakespeare that Brabantio is so annoyed and shocked although it would be different now. Another way he shows thast he is stereotypical is by the way he thinks he knows that his daughter could not love a black person and should only love the people he sees good enough for her this taking away her rights and feelings are being disregarded but at this time it was normal for the women to be objectified and men control them. Brabantio also shows the stereotypical view of a patriarch in this society and he believes that Othello is a direct threat to the patriarchal society he believes that the pagans will be come statesman which in his eyes would create social chaos an example of this belief is shown when he states for instance Bond slaves and pagans shall our statesmen be. This statement would shock most people of a high standing of this time, the play would have been performed in England and even the thought of this happening in England is preposterous and would decrease the amount of people going to this, so Shakespeare deliberately sets the play in Venice where there are more blacks and it is somewhere fair away from home so it is believable to the audience but other than the fact that it tells you this play is set in Venice, nearly all of the characters can be directly linked to the English lifestyle at the time. On numerous occasions Brabantio makes numerous comments showing his stereotypical views on his daughter and shows that he thinks he owns her by objectifying her, a quote that supports this idea is â€Å"Ay to me, she is abused, stolen from me and corrupted† when he says this you can see he sees his daughter as his own and only thinks she should do what he thinks she should. A character that is not stereotypical and abandons their own typical role in this play is Desdemona she does this by disobeying her father and society by marrying a black man who is seen as a peasant in her fathers eyes, the time this play was shown daughters and women alike were controlled by men, so the disobedience of Desdemona would surprise the audience and is also the reason that Brabantio thinks that Othello has poisoned her with magic but as Othello denies using magic to win her over by saying that it was his stories that she fell in love with, Desdemona also states that she should be loyal like her mother to her husband, which uses her own fathers patriarchal views against him but this is also uncommon at this time as she is choosing her lover instead of her father causing much anger as she is not dropping in line like a girl should in this time. Furthermore Desdemona is not a typical woman of the time that should be quiet love there husband and obey their father, Desdemona has different ideas of what she wants and Othello believes that she fell in love with him because of his stories and that she wants to become a great warrior and all he represented, a quote that shows this is when Othello tells us â€Å"She wished she had not heard it, yet she wished that heaven made her such a man† this suggests that Desdemona does not love Othello for his heart but for what he represents to her, a black man who should be looked down and despised upon becoming a great warrior and even gaining the respect of her father, she had never met anyone of this type before and she became hooked but the fact that she told Othello † If I had that loved her. I should teach him how to tell my story† shows that she was flirting and really does love him causing distress to father and others that have tried to court her before. Othello is another character that defies stereotypes and standing at this time as he has overcome many a trial in his lifetime, he is a black man living a white orientated world and to get to his standing and stature as one of the heads of the Venetian army's as the Venetian empire at this time had much power behind it with strongholds as Venice and Verona his shows how much of a struggle it was to get there and makes it more surprising, from being a slave sold from Africa to a warrior and being respected for his talent and not prejudged due to his skin colour. In his speech he tells us that he has been through many a hardships of war and slavery telling us he has had a hard life and the use of language tells that he is going to go through more hardships but with Desdemona we can see this when he says â€Å"but that I love the gentle Desdemona, I would not my unhoused free condition† he is saying her that he would give up his freedom from slavery to stay with her, this is an i dealised romantic notion which is not practical which in turn shows us that it will end in tragedy.

A Thesis Statement on the novel Candide by Voltaire Essay

Not everything is all for the best. The novel Candide by Voltaire delved into the miseries of men, politics and religion where every unfortunate event that happens to the individual is to be accepted since it is all for the best. Many times in the novel, Candide’s esteemed professor, Pangloss remarked that â€Å"Everything is all for the best†. For his part, Voltaire seems to be questioning the concept of fatalism. Fatalism is the view that individuals are powerless to do anything other that what we actually do. It seems ironic that Candide remains optimistic despite all that he had experienced; the banishment from the castle, the flogging by the soldiers and the sinking of the ship. All these events would have made a weaker man fall on his knees and curse the heavens; but not Candide. After all, everything is for the best. Nevertheless, Candide retains his goodwill, generosity and ironically, his optimism. The concept of fatalism is taking the easy way out. There are many instances where Candide could have avoided such unfortunate circumstances; like losing his sheep as well as his treasure. Not only that, he squandered his remaining treasure to unworthy individuals. Another instance was when Candide was flogged. He merely accepted it. He was thinking along the lines that everything is all for the best. But to think about it, how unjust is it to be lashed a thousand times for being misunderstood as deserting. In some way, Voltaire was criticizing citizens who could accept the unjust and irrational decisions of their government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In connection with the idea of fatalism is the concept of free will. If humans were given the gift of free will, then the idea that everything is all for the best would be inconsistent. A person who has free will would be capable of shaping his or her own destiny. In lieu of this, Candide should be able to change the events that weren’t suppose to happen to him or if they did happen, then the result would not have been so disastrous or it could have at least been minimized. One example had been where Candide stabbed the Baron, Cunegonde’s brother. He could have restrained himself and could have conducted an oral argument instead. What Candide did was rash and unwise that it was no surprise that it would end disastrously. Today, a person is expected to act and speak tactfully. There would be chaos if everyone wanted to have their own way. Another example was when Candide and his companion were nearly eaten by the Oreillons but were saved   because he killed a Jesuit, Cunegonde’s brother, the Baron. In this time, Candide thanked his good fortune for killing a Jesuit to avoid being eaten. It should have crossed his mind that if he had not stabbed the Baron, then they would have not been in that situation in the first place. It is easy to blame every happening in life as part of a grand plan. That everything is destined and fated. But if it is, then why is there free will? It could not merely be some trick to man to think that he has control over the events in life. Constant striving to be better is what makes the world go round. The discovery of unknown places and uncharted waters are the product of motivation and will of men. In essence, man’s free will is the reason. All the consequences of one’s actions are due to one’s interactions. Candide’s optimism, naivete and innocence may have drawn its source from Mademoiselle Cunegonde. She’s beautiful and charming and guileless. To Candide, she’s the one reason to remain living despite all the miseries of the world. In some ways, she had also been the reason why in the later part of the novel, Candide encountered many unfortunate events. He even left the utopian world of El Dorado just to be with his beloved Cunegonde. Cunegonde symbolizes Candide’s optimism. In the novel, Voltaire also portrays the human being’s love of life. The old woman was acknowledged as the person who encountered the most unfortunate miseries. However, in spite of all that, she’s admits that she still loves life and never would she have killed herself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The â€Å"All for the best† concept was finally refuted and rejected by Candide. In the novel, Pangloss said to Candide â€Å"All events are linked up in this best of all possible worlds; for, if you had not been expelled from the noble castle by hard kicks in your backside for love of Mademoiselle Cunegonde, if you had not been clapped into the Inquisition, if you had not wandered about America on foot, if you had not stuck your sword in the Baron, if you had not lost all your sheep from the land of El Dorado, you would not be eating candied citrons and pistachios here†. Upon which Candide replied, â€Å"Tis well said, but we must cultivate our gardens†. (Voltaire, 1949)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This shows that nothing happens without a reason. Many times in the novel, cause and effect was mentioned. That is correct; everything that happens would have an equal effect. Every action has an equal reaction. Even as simple as growing fruits and vegetables is equivalent to days and nights of hard work. They did not just magically appear from the ground or fallen from heaven. It’s the same with what happened to Candide and his companions. Some events may have been the act of God, but it is up to man to ensure that everything would be all right. References    Rice, H., â€Å"Fatalism†, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2002 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/fatalism/ Voltaire (1949). The portable Voltaire (B.R.Redman, Ed.). Canada: McMillan.

Legal Aspects of nursing, Homework 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal Aspects of nursing, Homework 5 - Essay Example Facts In this case there are various notable facts that will greatly help when giving the judgment. In addition these facts will clearly reveal any misconduct and its perpetrator. In the career history of the subject nurse, she has carried herself with dignity and as such she has gained respect for her competence and dedication. However, suspicions have emerged that this nurse has been diverting narcotics for her personal use without following the laid down procedures. Further, the organization that this nurse is working in has recently installed a computerized medical cabinet to supplement the traditional paper medication administration record (MAR). Consequently, every nurse is expected to fill their handwritten MAR’s and they should match with the computerized records. On further, investigation it is noted that the nurses fill their MARs later and they con fessed to having forgotten some of the drugs they had taken from the medical cabinet. Action In a case that this case g oes to trial the defendant in this case would be the health facility while subject nurse the plaintiff would be the. The reason as to why the nurse would be the complainant is that she will be defending her right from being suspended. In any case, the facility would have gotten justice from suspending her. Further, this matter should not be forwarded to the state board of nursing. The reason for this is because this is an issue that has no enough evidence of the misconduct of the nurse. Moreover, the issue is more on the implementation of modern monitoring systems in the facility rather than on the misconduct of a practitioner. Further, it is important to note that this is a civil matter in which the defendant wants to be reinstated in her previous employment. As such the matter will be handled by the industrial court but not a criminal court. a) Did the facility have sufficient evidence to suspend the nurse? According to the facts in this case it is apparent that this hospital had a mechanism that was not competent. The mechanism should have been overseen by single personnel to ensure that the nurses filled in the MRAs promptly. Moreover, other nurses have confessed that they had at one time forgotten about the actual quantities they had taken from the medial cabinet consequently filling arbitrary figures. On this regards, there are many loopholes in this mechanism and hence the biggest responsibility lies with the institution and not with the nurses. However, ethics have it that the nurses should conduct themselves competently (Roussel, Swansburg, & Swansburg, 2006). In this regard, the facility does not have sufficient evidence to suspend the nurse. The most sensible and practical action would have been to streamline the recording procedures. In so doing the nurses would fill in the MAR immediately after taking the narcotics. a) How should the testimony of the other nurses in the unit affect the outcome of this case? The rule of law should not be biased or discriminatory. In this essence, the testimony of the other nurses weakens the evidence/suspicions and the ground on which the institution has suspended the subject nurse on. These testimonies have shown that it is the institution that has created a loophole in the dispensation of narcotics hence it has become vulnerable to misappropriation. As such, if this nurse was to be suspended, then all the other nurses who testified to having recorded wrong

Globalization as a Political Phenomenon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Globalization as a Political Phenomenon - Essay Example This paper stresses that technology has also been globalized through education and training, where scientists and engineers take learn about new inventions and innovations, at times via platforms such as the internet. It, therefore, gives opportunity to participants globally, aiding them in developing and advancing the global tech world. It is therefore important for countries to participate where new opportunities arise, to be at per with the rest of the world. Also, since globalization has been adopted by almost every nation around the globe, it will be of great benefit for governments to come up with regulations and rules that will govern the world at a global level. This will in turn curb crisis experiences and damages that can be caused as a result of selfishness and greediness of some countries. In terms of politics, the assigned bodies, which are responsible for regulating and overseeing the overall political issues, should start to act and perform their duties adequately. This essay makes a conclusion that economically, since globalization has influenced positively so far, organizations responsible for regulating it should stay put. They should also ensure there is equal opportunity distributed around so as to prevent future flaws and biasness. In terms of culture and socialization, countries that view themselves as of higher social status than the others should have regulation imposed on them. It will give opportunities to other countries with varying social and cultural status the opportunity to rise and probably offer the world a new insight altogether.

Employment law problem question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Employment law problem question - Essay Example The change in time prevents him from seeking employment elsewhere. His case is different from that of his fellow workers who can manage to work for other employers2. He is restricted from engaging in other activity because he has to be around his work place just in case residents require his help. His job requires that he remains standing throughout his job time and he is therefore qualified for employment on full time compensation. 3 Husain’s agreement with his employer indicates certain aspects that qualify him as an employee and not merely an individual on contract: he is obligated to undertake work even after the end of his shift, the obligation is mutual and he is expressly and impliedly under the control of his employer to a sufficient degree. Mutuality of obligation between Hussain and Caring Community Ltd requires him to undertake work when he is not in his shift thereby granting his employment status and rights. In the case Wilson v Circular Distributors Ltd, there was a provision similar to that of Hussain and Caring Community Ltd. In the case, Mr. Wilson was not required to be paid at times when there was no work available for him. His employer, Circular Distributors Ltd, argued in a tribunal that the provision of ‘no work no pay’ did not equate into an employment relationship4. However, the employer’s appeal tribunal ruled that owing to the fact that Mr. Wilson and his employer had a mutuality of obligation where Mr. Wilson was required to accept the job if and when it was available; it amounted to an employment relationship5. From the ruling, he would be paid even for the hours that he was not working. Applying his precedence in Husain’s case shows that he is entitled to payment for the hours that he is sleeping based on mutuality of obligation and his status as an employer6. Hussain is entitled to payment even when under rest. According to employment rights act, employees working under the zero hour